A Review on Bacterial Concrete: Mechanisms, Applications and Performance Enhancement

Mr. Gaurav Desai1, Dr. Basagouda Patagundi2, Miss. Sandhya Patil3, Mr.  Daivadnya Devardekar4, Mr. Sahil Gawade5, Mr. Mandar Chougale6

*1Dr. D.Y. Patil Pratisthan’s College of Engineering, Salokhenagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

*2 S.G.Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, India

*3 to 6 Dr. D.Y. Patil Pratisthan’s College of Engineering, Salokhenagar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT:Cracking in concrete is an inevitable phenomenon caused primarily by its low tensile strength, resulting in increased permeability, reduced durability, and accelerated structural deterioration. Bacterial concrete has emerged as a sustainable material capable of autonomously healing cracks through Microbiologically Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP). In this process, specific bacterial strains precipitate calcium carbonate that seals cracks and densifies the concrete matrix. Research shows improvements in compressive strength, significant reductions in water absorption, and enhanced resistance to chemical attack when bacterial concrete is utilized. This review examines the mechanisms behind MICP, methods of bacterial incorporation, mechanical and durability performance, and current applications. Additionally, it highlights limitations—particularly ammonia generation by ureolytic bacteria—and identifies future research directions for sustainable implementation. Overall, bacterial concrete presents a promising pathway toward durable, maintenance-efficient, and environmentally friendly construction materials.

Keywords: Bacterial concrete, Bacilus subtilis, MICP, compressive strength, self-healing concrete